viii Part 5 Infections and Infection Prevention Chapter 14 Body Defenses and Infection . . 319 Section 14.1 Body Defenses, Immunity, and Risk . . 320 Section 14.2 Pathogens and Infection . . . . . . . . . . 325 Chapter 15 Infection Prevention and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Section 15.1 Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Procedure Hand Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Procedure Using Hand Sanitizer . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Procedure Putting On and Removing Disposable Gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Procedure Putting On and Removing Gowns . . . 347 Procedure Wearing Face Protection . . . . . . . . . . 348 Procedure Double-Bagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Procedure Cleaning a Room After Discharge . . . 352 Procedure Transporting to and from Isolation . . 354 Section 15.2 Wound Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Procedure Assisting with Nonsterile Dressing Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Procedure Putting On and Removing Sterile Gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Part 6 Safety and Mobility Chapter 16 Maintaining a Safe Environment and Practice . . . . . 369 Section 16.1 A Culture and Environment of Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Section 16.2 Fall Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Section 16.3 Restraint-Free Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Section 16.4 Fire, Electrical, Chemical, and Oxygen Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Chapter 17 Promoting Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Section 17.1 Body Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Section 17.2 Positioning, Turning, Transferring, and Lifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Procedure Positioning in Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Procedure Turning a Resident in Bed . . . . . . . . . 411 Procedure Logrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Procedure Dangling at the Edge of the Bed . . . . 415 Procedure Transferring from a Bed to a Chair or Wheelchair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Procedure Transferring to a Chair or Wheelchair Using a Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Procedure Transferring from a Bed to a Stretcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Section 17.3 Ambulation and Assistive Ambulatory Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Procedure Helping a Resident Ambulate . . . . . . 426 Procedure Providing Assistance with a Cane . . . 429 Procedure Providing Assistance with a Walker . . 432 Procedure Providing Assistance with Crutches . . 436 Section 17.4 Rehabilitation and Restorative Care . . 439 Procedure Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Part 7 Obtaining Health Information Chapter 18 Vital Signs, Height, and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Section 18.1 Measuring and Recording Vital Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Procedure Using an Oral Thermometer—Digital . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Procedure Using a Rectal Thermometer—Digital . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Procedure Using an Axillary Thermometer—Digital . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Procedure Using a Tympanic Thermometer—Digital . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Procedure Using a Temporal Artery Thermometer—Digital . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Procedure Measuring a Radial Pulse . . . . . . . . . 468 Procedure Measuring an Apical Pulse . . . . . . . . 470 Procedure Counting Respirations . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Procedure Taking a Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 476 Section 18.2 Measuring and Recording Height and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Procedure Measuring the Height and Weight of Ambulatory Residents . . . . . . . . . . 482 Procedure Measuring the Height of Bedridden Residents . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Procedure Weighing Bedridden Residents Using a Hydraulic Digital Lift or Sling Bed Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484