xv UNIT 5 Food Microbiology: Living Organisms in Food. . . . . . . . 324 Under the Microscope: Careers in Food Science Soil and Plant Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Interview Dr. Ben Chapman, NCSU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 CHAPTER 17 Fermentation: Desirable Effects of Microbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 The Types of Single-Celled Organisms. . . . . . . . 327 Factors Affecting Microbe Growth. . . . . . . . . . . 332 Fermentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 CHAPTER 17 EXPERIMENT: Comparing Traditional Pancakes to Sourdough Pancakes. . . . . . . . . . 346 CHAPTER 18 Food Safety: Sources of Contamination. . . . 348 Types of Food Contamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Types of Foodborne Illness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 352 How Pathogens Enter the Food Supply. . . . . . . . 363 Food Industry Sanitation Procedures. . . . . . . . . 366 CHAPTER 18 EXPERIMENT: Growing Bacterial Cultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 CHAPTER 19 Biotechnology: GMOs, Nanotechnology, and Cell Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Biotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Nanotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Lab-Grown Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 CHAPTER 19 EXPERIMENT: Extracting DNA. . . . . . 392 UNIT 6 Food Preservation and Packaging . . . 394 Under the Microscope: Careers in Food Science Food Packaging Specialist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Interview From Loading Trucks to Food Innovator: Michael Druga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 CHAPTER 20 Thermal Preservation: Hot and Cold Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Heat Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Food Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Cold Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 CHAPTER 20 EXPERIMENT: Simulating Irradiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 CHAPTER 21 Dehydration and Concentration: Controlling Water Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Dehydration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Intermediate-Moisture Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 CHAPTER 21 EXPERIMENT: Concentrating Soup Stock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 CHAPTER 22 Food Packaging and Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Packaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Green Packaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Food Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 MyPlate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Who Needs a Healthy Eating Plan?. . . . . . . . . . . 459 CHAPTER 22 EXPERIMENT: Packaging to Prevent Oxidative Rancidity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 UNIT 7 Working with Complex Food Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Under the Microscope: Careers in Food Science Food Quality-Control Inspector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Interview Turmeric Zone: Samir and Elizabeth Trivedi. . . 465 CHAPTER 23 Mixtures: Solutions, Colloidal Dispersions, and Suspensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Colloidal Dispersions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Suspensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 CHAPTER 23 EXPERIMENT: Foam Variations. . . . . . 484 CHAPTER 24 Separation Techniques: Mechanical and Chemical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Mechanical Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Chemical Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Selective Separation Through Barriers. . . . . . . . 493 Digestion and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .⤀ 497 CHAPTER 24 EXPERIMENT: Osmosis and Egg Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502