7
Chapter 5 Processing Materials
167
Tools are used to shape and form materials into finished products.
When designing and making a product, you must know how to select
and use both hand and machine tools safely. In addition to shaping and
forming materials, you may need to join materials either temporarily or
permanently. Materials can be joined using mechanical devices, chemicals,
or heat. Finishing involves processing or coating the surface of the product.
As new materials and technologies are developed, new processes are
developed for working with them. Manufacturers are looking for replacements
for harmful chemicals used in the past and present, such as chromium and
cadmium. A partial answer may lie in nanotechnology. For example, nano-
technology is now being applied to finishing processes. A nanocrystalline
cobalt and phosphorus compound has been developed to replace chromium
coatings in some cases. Other products and processes are also under
development to reduce carbon emissions and the use of hazardous chemicals.
Working safely with hand and power tools requires careful planning
and attention to detail.
To create a product, materials are first marked out. Then they are
shaped using one of several processes. Examples include sawing,
filing, planing, shearing, chiseling, drilling, bending, forming,
casting, and molding.
Materials can be joined using mechanical fasteners or other
mechanical methods, chemicals, or heat.
Materials are finished to protect their surfaces or to improve their
appearance.
Summarizing Information
Copy the following graphic organizer onto a separate sheet of paper.
For each chapter section (topic) listed in the left column, write a short,
one-paragraph summary of the topic in the right column.
Chapter Section (Topic) Summary
Learning to Work Safely
Shaping Materials
Joining Materials
Finishing Materials
90
Technology: Engineering Our World
Write your answers to these review questions
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Name the three basic types of
communication.
2. List at least three different forms of
communication.
3. What is freehand sketching?
4. How many sides of a rectangular block
are shown in an isometric drawing?
5. Which type of sketch provides the most
realistic picture of an object?
6. What type of drawing describes the
exact shape of each surface of an object?
7. What instruments are most commonly
used in manual drafting?
8. Explain the process for a
vertical line using a drafting triangle.
9. What is the alphabet of lines?
1
0. You have been asked to create a drawing
of a printer that measures
14a†scale†of × 14
×
8†.
If you create the drawing at 1:2,
how long will the overall length, width,
and height lines be on your paper?
11. List the advantages of computer-aided
design.
1
2. What is virtual reality?
13. Explain the concept of concurrent
engineering.
14. What is a 3D printer?
15. What is the difference between rapid
prototyping and rapid manufacturing
systems?
1. Listen to a recording of whale or dolphin
calls. Write an essay comparing and
contrasting these calls to human speech.
2. Imagine that you are in a canoe in the
middle of a large lake. You have been
talking on your cell phone. While talking,
you did not notice your paddle slip out of
the canoe and float away. Unfortunately,
you have run down the phone battery, so
you can’t call for help. You can see people
on a dock at one end of the lake, but they
do not seem to understand your shouts
for help. How can you communicate a
message for help?
3. Analyze the reasons for advances in
drafting technology over the last 50
years. Prepare a report that answers the
following questions. What factors or
trends helped fuel the advances? What
factors may have limited advances?
Given the trends you have noted, what
innovative technologies might you
expect to be developed in the near
future? 4. Write a persuasive paragraph explaining
how the design of new communication
technology does or does not depend on
math and science skills.
9/28/2010 2:11:22 PM
Chapter 3 Communicating Design Ideas
91
1. Create a symbol that can be used at a
zoo to communicate the message: “Do
not feed the animals!”
2. Design a logo (name or symbol) that you
could use on your own personalized
worksheets. Letters, geometric shapes,
natural shapes, and simplified pictures
are most appropriate for a logo.
3. Draw an isometric sketch, a perspective
sketch, and an orthographic projection
of a toothbrush.
4. Use a CAD system to make an isometric
sketch of a tool you have used in the
technology lab.
5. International Morse Code is a means
of communication invented before
telephone and e-mail. Check the
symbols used. Then design a series of
symbols that could be used to send a
message by e-mail without using letters
or words.
6. Research one career related to the
information you have studied in this
chapter. Create a report that states the
following:
The occupation you selected
The education requirements to enter
this occupation
The possibilities for promotion to a
higher level
What someone with this career does
on a daily basis
The earning potential for someone
with this career
You might find this information on the
Internet or in your library. If possible,
interview a person who already works
in this field to answer the five points.
Finally, state why you might or might
not be interested in pursuing
occupation when you finish
school.chapter.this
‚
‚
‚
‚
‚
1.
TECHNOLOGY
In a group of four students,
create a message to be transmitted to
the rest of your class. Brainstorm ideas
for ways to communicate the message.
Develop as many of these ideas as possible.
Use both electronic and nonelectronic
methods. Present your message to the
class in at least five different ways.
2.
ENGINEERING
In a group of four or five
students, brainstorm ideas for a creative
and futuristic communication system
that may help solve current or future
human needs. Select your best idea and
present it to the class.
3.
MATH Select object you use or see
every day. Using a tape measure or rule,
measure the dimensions of the object
very carefully. Create
drawing of the object using
drafting or CAD techniques.
object is too large or small to be shown
adequately on paper, create a scale
drawing. Include dimensions.principles
STEMIntegrated
Curriculum
Science Technology
Mathematics Engineering
Ch03.indd 91
End Note takes a quick look at
the past, present, and future of
technology related to the chapter.
Reading Target organizer
helps students apply the
reading technique suggested
at the beginning of the chapter.
4 H w many sides of a
d ing?
vertical line using
1
x
n
W
W
p
s
Test Your Knowledge
questions help students
gauge their understanding
of chapter topics.creating
calls th e calls to human sp
e
n
lk
o
at
er
p
ut
ho
at
mess g
Critical Thinking
questions encourage
students to think
about issues related
to chapter content.
ss. Brainstorm
n
t
a
ou
d
o
m
u
cu
y
j ct you use or see
every d
Uan
STEM Applications
activities encourage
studentstheIfmanualorthographican
to integrate science, technology,
engineering, and math
related to chapter content.
c
Wh
Apply Your Knowledge
activities allow students
to apply skills and
knowledge they have
learned in the
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7
Chapter 5 Processing Materials
167
Tools are used to shape and form materials into finished products.
When designing and making a product, you must know how to select
and use both hand and machine tools safely. In addition to shaping and
forming materials, you may need to join materials either temporarily or
permanently. Materials can be joined using mechanical devices, chemicals,
or heat. Finishing involves processing or coating the surface of the product.
As new materials and technologies are developed, new processes are
developed for working with them. Manufacturers are looking for replacements
for harmful chemicals used in the past and present, such as chromium and
cadmium. A partial answer may lie in nanotechnology. For example, nano-
technology is now being applied to finishing processes. A nanocrystalline
cobalt and phosphorus compound has been developed to replace chromium
coatings in some cases. Other products and processes are also under
development to reduce carbon emissions and the use of hazardous chemicals.
Working safely with hand and power tools requires careful planning
and attention to detail.
To create a product, materials are first marked out. Then they are
shaped using one of several processes. Examples include sawing,
filing, planing, shearing, chiseling, drilling, bending, forming,
casting, and molding.
Materials can be joined using mechanical fasteners or other
mechanical methods, chemicals, or heat.
Materials are finished to protect their surfaces or to improve their
appearance.
Summarizing Information
Copy the following graphic organizer onto a separate sheet of paper.
For each chapter section (topic) listed in the left column, write a short,
one-paragraph summary of the topic in the right column.
Chapter Section (Topic) Summary
Learning to Work Safely
Shaping Materials
Joining Materials
Finishing Materials
90
Technology: Engineering Our World
Write your answers to these review questions
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Name the three basic types of
communication.
2. List at least three different forms of
communication.
3. What is freehand sketching?
4. How many sides of a rectangular block
are shown in an isometric drawing?
5. Which type of sketch provides the most
realistic picture of an object?
6. What type of drawing describes the
exact shape of each surface of an object?
7. What instruments are most commonly
used in manual drafting?
8. Explain the process for a
vertical line using a drafting triangle.
9. What is the alphabet of lines?
1
0. You have been asked to create a drawing
of a printer that measures
14a†scale†of × 14
×
8†.
If you create the drawing at 1:2,
how long will the overall length, width,
and height lines be on your paper?
11. List the advantages of computer-aided
design.
1
2. What is virtual reality?
13. Explain the concept of concurrent
engineering.
14. What is a 3D printer?
15. What is the difference between rapid
prototyping and rapid manufacturing
systems?
1. Listen to a recording of whale or dolphin
calls. Write an essay comparing and
contrasting these calls to human speech.
2. Imagine that you are in a canoe in the
middle of a large lake. You have been
talking on your cell phone. While talking,
you did not notice your paddle slip out of
the canoe and float away. Unfortunately,
you have run down the phone battery, so
you can’t call for help. You can see people
on a dock at one end of the lake, but they
do not seem to understand your shouts
for help. How can you communicate a
message for help?
3. Analyze the reasons for advances in
drafting technology over the last 50
years. Prepare a report that answers the
following questions. What factors or
trends helped fuel the advances? What
factors may have limited advances?
Given the trends you have noted, what
innovative technologies might you
expect to be developed in the near
future? 4. Write a persuasive paragraph explaining
how the design of new communication
technology does or does not depend on
math and science skills.
9/28/2010 2:11:22 PM
Chapter 3 Communicating Design Ideas
91
1. Create a symbol that can be used at a
zoo to communicate the message: “Do
not feed the animals!”
2. Design a logo (name or symbol) that you
could use on your own personalized
worksheets. Letters, geometric shapes,
natural shapes, and simplified pictures
are most appropriate for a logo.
3. Draw an isometric sketch, a perspective
sketch, and an orthographic projection
of a toothbrush.
4. Use a CAD system to make an isometric
sketch of a tool you have used in the
technology lab.
5. International Morse Code is a means
of communication invented before
telephone and e-mail. Check the
symbols used. Then design a series of
symbols that could be used to send a
message by e-mail without using letters
or words.
6. Research one career related to the
information you have studied in this
chapter. Create a report that states the
following:
The occupation you selected
The education requirements to enter
this occupation
The possibilities for promotion to a
higher level
What someone with this career does
on a daily basis
The earning potential for someone
with this career
You might find this information on the
Internet or in your library. If possible,
interview a person who already works
in this field to answer the five points.
Finally, state why you might or might
not be interested in pursuing
occupation when you finish
school.chapter.this
‚
‚
‚
‚
‚
1.
TECHNOLOGY
In a group of four students,
create a message to be transmitted to
the rest of your class. Brainstorm ideas
for ways to communicate the message.
Develop as many of these ideas as possible.
Use both electronic and nonelectronic
methods. Present your message to the
class in at least five different ways.
2.
ENGINEERING
In a group of four or five
students, brainstorm ideas for a creative
and futuristic communication system
that may help solve current or future
human needs. Select your best idea and
present it to the class.
3.
MATH Select object you use or see
every day. Using a tape measure or rule,
measure the dimensions of the object
very carefully. Create
drawing of the object using
drafting or CAD techniques.
object is too large or small to be shown
adequately on paper, create a scale
drawing. Include dimensions.principles
STEMIntegrated
Curriculum
Science Technology
Mathematics Engineering
Ch03.indd 91
End Note takes a quick look at
the past, present, and future of
technology related to the chapter.
Reading Target organizer
helps students apply the
reading technique suggested
at the beginning of the chapter.
4 H w many sides of a
d ing?
vertical line using
1
x
n
W
W
p
s
Test Your Knowledge
questions help students
gauge their understanding
of chapter topics.creating
calls th e calls to human sp
e
n
lk
o
at
er
p
ut
ho
at
mess g
Critical Thinking
questions encourage
students to think
about issues related
to chapter content.
ss. Brainstorm
n
t
a
ou
d
o
m
u
cu
y
j ct you use or see
every d
Uan
STEM Applications
activities encourage
studentstheIfmanualorthographican
to integrate science, technology,
engineering, and math
related to chapter content.
c
Wh
Apply Your Knowledge
activities allow students
to apply skills and
knowledge they have
learned in the

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